How the Humane AI Pin Flopped The New York Times

healthcare chatbot

Costly pre-service calls were reduced and the experience improved using conversational AI to quickly determine patient insurance coverage. The solution receives more than 7,000 voice calls from 120 providers per business day. Further research and interdisciplinary collaboration could advance this technology to dramatically improve the quality of care for patients, rebalance the workload for clinicians, and revolutionize the practice of medicine. That happens with chatbots that strive to help on all fronts and lack access to consolidated, specialized databases. Plus, a chatbot in the medical field should fully comply with the HIPAA regulation. In the wake of stay-at-home orders issued in many countries and the cancellation of elective procedures and consultations, users and healthcare professionals can meet only in a virtual office.

healthcare chatbot

Likewise, time spent answering repetitive queries (and the training that is required to make those answers uniformly consistent) is also costly. Many overseas enterprises offer the outsourcing of these functions, but doing so carries its own significant cost and reduces control over a brand’s interaction with its customers. Chatbots can make it easy for users to find information by instantaneously responding to questions and requests—through text input, audio input, or both—without the need for human intervention or manual research. Evolving into versatile educational instruments, chatbots deliver accurate and relevant health information to patients. This empowerment enables individuals to make well-informed decisions about their health, contributing to a more health-conscious society.

Similarly, a graph-based chatbot has been proposed to identify the mood of users through sentimental analysis and provide human-like responses to comfort patients [84]. Vivobot (HopeLab, Inc) provides cognitive and behavioral interventions to deliver positive psychology skills and promote well-being. This psychiatric counseling chatbot was effective in engaging users and reducing anxiety in young adults after cancer treatment [40]. The limitation to the abovementioned studies was that most participants were young adults, most likely because of the platform on which the chatbots were available. In addition, longer follow-up periods with larger and more diverse sample sizes are needed for future studies.

In August 2023, a search of ClinicalTrials.gov produced 57 results of ongoing clinical trials using AI chatbots in health care. The establishment of standardized usability and outcome measurement scales could aid in improving evaluation. Health care data are highly sensitive because of the risk of stigmatization and discrimination if the information is wrongfully disclosed.

And if a user is unhappy and needs to speak to a real person, the transfer can happen seamlessly. Upon transfer, the live support agent can get the full chatbot conversation history. Overall, the integration of chatbots in healthcare, often termed medical chatbot, introduces a plethora of advantages. From heightened patient interactions to streamlined healthcare processes, these chatbots play a pivotal role in delivering efficient, accessible, and patient-centric care in our technologically advancing healthcare landscape.

This is helpful in IDing side effects, appropriate dosages, and how they might interact with other medications. Of the 180 questions asked for GPT-3.5, 71 (39.4%) were completely accurate, and another 33 (18.3%) were nearly accurate. Roughly 8% of questions were completely incorrect, and most answers given an accuracy score of 2.0 or less were given to the most challenging questions. Most responses (53.3%) were comprehensive to the question, whereas only 12.2% were incomplete.

Doing the opposite may leave many users bored and uninterested in the conversation. Identifying the context of your audience also helps to build the persona of your chatbot. If you look up articles about flu symptoms on WebMD, for instance, a chatbot may pop up with information about flu treatment and current outbreaks in your area. A chatbot based on sklearn where you can give https://chat.openai.com/ a symptom and it will ask you questions and will tell you the details and give some advice. Chatbots collect patient information, name, birthday, contact information, current doctor, last visit to the clinic, and prescription information. The chatbot submits a request to the patient’s doctor for a final decision and contacts the patient when a refill is available and due.

Now, imagine having a personal assistant who’d guide you through the entire doctor’s office admin process. Thirdly, while the chatbox systems have the potential to create efficient healthcare workplaces, we must be vigilant to ensure that credentialed people remain employed Chat GPT at these workplaces to maintain a human connection with patients. There will be a temptation to allow chatbox systems a greater workload than they have proved they deserve. Accredited physicians must remain the primary decision-makers in a patient’s medical journey.

your medical chatbot

Most patients see a chatbot as a way to speak to a live agent or to have their questions answered in an interactive way. Patients expect immediate replies to their queries nowadays with chatbots being used in so many non-healthcare businesses. If they cannot easily navigate to a page with the answer to their question, there is a higher chance of them bouncing and going to another provider. healthcare chatbots can integrate with your current workflow and augment patient support with automation or handle more complex tasks like member login & services. Generate leads and satisfy customers

Chatbots can help with sales lead generation and improve conversion rates.

Similarly, Sense.ly (Sense.ly, Inc) acts as a web-based nurse to assist in monitoring appointments, managing patients’ conditions, and suggesting therapies. Another chatbot that reduces the burden on clinicians and decreases wait time is Careskore (CareShore, Inc), which tracks vitals and anticipates the need for hospital admissions [42]. Chatbots have also been proposed to autonomize patient encounters through several advanced eHealth services. In addition to collecting data and providing bookings, Health OnLine Medical Suggestions or HOLMES (Wipro, Inc) interacts with patients to support diagnosis, choose the proper treatment pathway, and provide prevention check-ups [44]. Although the use of chatbots in health care and cancer therapy has the potential to enhance clinician efficiency, reimbursement codes for practitioners are still lacking before universal implementation.

Hopefully, after reviewing these samples of the best healthcare chatbots above, you’ll be inspired by how your chatbot solution for the healthcare industry can enhance provider/patient experiences. The CancerChatbot by CSource is an artificial intelligence healthcare chatbot system for serving info on cancer, cancer treatments, prognosis, and related topics. This chatbot provides users with up-to-date information on cancer-related topics, running users’ questions against a large dataset of cancer cases, research data, and clinical trials. While chatbots can provide personalized support to patients, they cannot replace the human touch.

Only six (8%) of apps included in the review had a theoretical/therapeutic underpinning for their approach. Two-thirds of the apps contained features to personalize the app content to each user based on data collected from them. Seventy-nine percent apps did not have any of the security features assessed and only 10 apps reported HIPAA compliance. While healthbots have a potential role in the future of healthcare, our understanding of how they should be developed for different settings and applied in practice is limited.

2 ADA HEALTH

Newer therapeutic innovations have come with a heavy price tag, and out-of-pocket expenses have placed a significant strain on patients’ financial well-being [23]. With chatbots implemented in cancer care, consultations for minor health concerns may be avoided, which allows clinicians to spend more time with patients who need their attention the most. For example, the workflow can be streamlined by assisting physicians in administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments, providing medical information, or locating clinics.

These platforms have different elements that developers can use for creating the best chatbot UIs. Almost all of these platforms have vibrant visuals that provide information in the form of texts, buttons, and imagery to make navigation and interaction effortless. Babylon Health offers AI-driven consultations with a virtual doctor, a patient chatbot, and a real doctor. Any chatbot you develop that aims to give medical advice should deeply consider the regulations that govern it.

New apps test AI chatbots to help mental health crisis – The Associated Press

New apps test AI chatbots to help mental health crisis.

Posted: Sat, 23 Mar 2024 07:00:00 GMT [source]

All the tools you use on Rasa are hosted in your HIPAA-complaint on-premises system or private data cloud, which guarantees a high level of data privacy since all the data resides in your infrastructure. The Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 is United States regulation that sets the standards for using, handling, and storing sensitive healthcare data. For example, if a chatbot is designed for users residing in the United States, a lookup table for “location” should contain all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Open up the NLU training file and modify the default data appropriately for your chatbot. Just as effective human-to-human conversations largely depend on context, a productive conversation with a chatbot also heavily depends on the user’s context. For instance, a Level 1 maturity chatbot only provides pre-built responses to clearly stated questions without the capacity to follow through with any deviations.

The appropriate evidence to support the safe and effective use of chatbots for the intended purpose and population should be gathered and incorporated before implementation. Let’s create a contextual chatbot called E-Pharm, which will provide a user – let’s say a doctor – with drug information, drug reactions, and local pharmacy stores where drugs can be purchased. The first step is to create an NLU training file that contains various user inputs mapped with the appropriate intents and entities.

Data trends across the world have shown that with more smartphones in more hands, people are referring increasingly to Google searches as a way of self-diagnosing their symptoms. While convenient, the pitfalls of that approach include the fact that not all data available on the internet is entirely accurate, and that human error may very well lead to a wrong diagnosis. YouPer differentiates itself from the other chatbots on this list in 3 distinct ways. Firstly, it is a more technology-driven chatbot than the others in the sense that it has a greater “tech focus” over a wellness focus. Be that as it may, YouPer offers astoundingly detailed analytical data that is tracked and maintained for greater analysis later. Thirdly, YouPer has an exclusive focus on emotional health and the app offered has robust built-in features that cater to the user by way of personalized meditations, and an ability to track mood and monitor emotional health over a long period.

Close-up stock photograph showing a touchscreen monitor being used in an open plan office. [+] hand is asking an AI chatbot pre-typed questions & the Artificial Intelligence website is answering. Which method the healthbot employs to interact with the user in the conversation. Share information about your working hours, clinicians, treatments, and procedures. Patients who look for answers with unreliable online resources may draw the wrong conclusions. Help them make informed health decisions by sharing verified medical information.

Personalization features were only identified in 47 apps (60%), of which all required information drawn from users’ active participation. Forty-three of these (90%) apps personalized the content, and five (10%) personalized the user interface of the app. Examples of individuated content include the healthbot asking for the user’s name and addressing them by their name; or the healthbot asking for the user’s health condition and providing information pertinent to their health status. In addition to the content, some apps allowed for customization of the user interface by allowing the user to pick their preferred background color and image. There were 47 (31%) apps that were developed for a primary care domain area and 22 (14%) for a mental health domain. Involvement in the primary care domain was defined as healthbots containing symptom assessment, primary prevention, and other health-promoting measures.

Predetermined responses are then generated by analyzing user input, on text or spoken ground, and accessing relevant knowledge [3]. Problems arise when dealing with more complex situations in dynamic environments and managing social conversational practices according to specific contexts and unique communication strategies [4]. Healthcare chatbots are AI-powered virtual assistants that provide personalized support to patients and healthcare providers. They are designed to simulate human-like conversation, enabling patients to interact with them as they would with a real person. These chatbots are trained on healthcare-related data and can respond to many patient inquiries, including appointment scheduling, prescription refills, and symptom checking. To seamlessly implement chatbots in healthcare systems, a phased approach is crucial.

In combination with wearable technology and affordable software, chatbots have great potential to affect patient monitoring solutions. Cancer has become a major health crisis and is the second leading cause of death in the United States [18]. The exponentially increasing number of patients with cancer each year may be because of a combination of carcinogens in the environment and improved quality of care. The latter aspect could explain why cancer is slowly becoming a chronic disease that is manageable over time [19].

healthcare chatbot

GYANT, HealthTap, Babylon Health, and several other medical chatbots use a hybrid chatbot model that provides an interface for patients to speak with real doctors. The app users may engage in a live video or text consultation on the platform, bypassing hospital visits. Implementing chatbots in healthcare requires a cultural shift, as many healthcare professionals may resist using new technologies.

Chatbots are made on AI technology and are programmed to access vast healthcare data to run diagnostics and check patients’ symptoms. You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. It can provide reliable and up-to-date information to patients as notifications or stories. The idea of a digital personal assistant is tempting, but a healthcare chatbot goes a mile beyond that. From patient care to intelligent use of finances, its benefits are wide-ranging and make it a top priority in the Healthcare industry.

Use encryption and authentication mechanisms to secure data transmission and storage. Also, ensure that the chatbot’s conversations with patients are confidential and that patient information is not shared with unauthorized parties. Travel nurses or medical billers can use AI chatbots to connect with providers when looking for new assignments. Bots can assess the availability of job postings, preferences, and qualifications to match them with opportunities. There are ethical considerations to giving a computer program detailed medical information that could be hacked and stolen.

On the other hand, overregulation may diminish the value of chatbots and decrease the freedom for innovators. Consequently, balancing these opposing aspects is essential to promote benefits and reduce harm to the health care system and society. Chatbots have been implemented in remote patient monitoring for postoperative care and follow-ups. The health care sector is among the most overwhelmed by those needing continued support outside hospital settings, as most patients newly diagnosed with cancer are aged ≥65 years [72].

The diagnosis and course of treatment for cancer are complex, so a more realistic system would be a chatbot used to connect users with appropriate specialists or resources. A text-to-text chatbot by Divya et al [32] engages patients regarding their medical symptoms to provide a personalized diagnosis and connects the user with the appropriate physician if major diseases are detected. Rarhi et al [33] proposed a similar design that provides a diagnosis based on symptoms, measures the seriousness, and connects users with a physician if needed [33]. In general, these systems may greatly help individuals in conducting daily check-ups, increase awareness of their health status, and encourage users to seek medical assistance for early intervention. Healthcare chatbots streamline the appointment scheduling process, providing patients with a convenient way to book, reschedule, or cancel appointments. This not only optimizes time for healthcare providers but also elevates the overall patient experience.

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The use of chatbots in health care presents a novel set of moral and ethical challenges that must be addressed for the public to fully embrace this technology. Issues to consider are privacy or confidentiality, informed consent, and fairness. Although efforts have been made to address these concerns, current guidelines and policies are still far behind the rapid technological advances [94]. From those who have a coronavirus symptom scare to those with other complaints, AI-driven chatbots may become part of hospitals’ plans to meet patients’ needs during the lockdown. Many health professionals have taken to telemedicine to consult with their patients, allay fears, and provide prescriptions.

Avoiding responsibility becomes easier when numerous individuals are involved at multiple stages, from development to clinical applications [107]. Although the law has been lagging and litigation is still a gray area, determining legal liability becomes increasingly pressing as chatbots become more accessible in health care. Chatbots have the potential to address many of the current concerns regarding cancer care mentioned above.

healthcare chatbot

While the technologies these terms refer to are closely related, subtle distinctions yield important differences in their respective capabilities. SmartBot360 takes a far-reaching approach where its offerings benefit everyone involved in the healthcare value delivery funnel at every stage. Among all 284 questions asked across the two chatbox platforms, the median accuracy score was 5.5, and the median completeness score was 3.0, suggesting the chatbox format is a potentially powerful tool given its prowess. To further cement their findings, the researchers asked the GPT-4 another 60 questions related to ten common medical conditions. In the first round of testing with GPT-3.5, the researchers tabulated a median accuracy score of 5.0 and a median completeness score of 3.0, meaning on the first try, ChatGPT-3.5 typically answered the questions nearly accurately and comprehensively.

What Is AIOps, and How Is It Used in Healthcare?

The framework proposed as well as the insights gleaned from the review of commercially available healthbot apps will facilitate a greater understanding of how such apps should be evaluated. A recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association found that chatbots in healthcare are deemed most helpful when the chatbot’s ability, patient compliance, integrity and benevolence match that of a human agent. Coghlan and colleagues (2023)7 outlined some important considerations when choosing to use chatbots in health care. Developers and professionals seeking to implement chatbots should weigh the risks and benefits by clearly defining the aim of the chatbot and the problem to be solved in their circumstances. There should be careful assessment of the problem to be solved to determine whether the use of AI or chatbots is an appropriate solution. There may be instances in which the benefits of implementation are too low or the risks are too high to justify replacing humans.7 The use of chatbots in health care requires an evidence-based approach.

According to the analysis from the web directory, health promotion chatbots are the most commonly available; however, most of them are only available on a single platform. Thus, interoperability on multiple common platforms is essential for adoption by various types of users across different age groups. In addition, voice and image recognition should also be considered, as most chatbots are still text based.

An enterprise-centric offering by disposition, SmartBot360 is a healthcare marketing and patient engagement chatbot aimed at healthcare service providers. SmartBot360 aims to automate repetitive tasks to free up medical professionals so they can focus on providing a better quality of healthcare to the patients, while at the same time, offer instant support to website visitors. There are a variety of chatbots available that are geared toward use by patients for different aspects of health. Ten examples of currently available health care chatbots are provided in Table 1. Chatbots are now able to provide patients with treatment and medication information after diagnosis without having to directly contact a physician. Such a system was proposed by Mathew et al [30] that identifies the symptoms, predicts the disease using a symptom–disease data set, and recommends a suitable treatment.

The search strategy comprised both controlled vocabulary, such as the National Library of Medicine’s MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), and keywords. Search concepts were developed based on the elements of the research questions and selection criteria. The search was completed on August 14, 2023, and limited to English-language documents published since January 1, 2020. Finally, the issue of fairness arises with algorithm bias when data used to train and test chatbots do not accurately reflect the people they represent [101]. As the AI field lacks diversity, bias at the level of the algorithm and modeling choices may be overlooked by developers [102]. In a study using 2 cases, differences in prediction accuracy were shown concerning gender and insurance type for intensive care unit mortality and psychiatric readmissions [103].

As you build your HIPAA-compliant chatbot, it will be essential to have 3rd parties audit your setup and advise where there could be vulnerabilities from their experience. Using these safeguards, the HIPAA regulation requires that chatbot developers incorporate these models in a HIPAA-complaint environment. This requires that the AI conversations, entities, and patient personal identifiers are encrypted and stored in a safe environment. That sums up our module on training a conversational model for classifying intent and extracting entities using Rasa NLU.

The total sample size exceeded seventy-eight as some apps had multiple target populations. To facilitate this assessment, we develop and present an evaluative framework that classifies the key characteristics of healthbots. Concerns over the unknown and unintelligible “black boxes” of ML have limited the adoption of NLP-driven chatbot interventions by the medical community, despite the potential they have in increasing and improving access to healthcare. Further, it is unclear how the performance of NLP-driven chatbots should be assessed.

Data availability

Your.MD’s cross-platform accessibility makes it an instantly available option for all. Patients can access your healthcare chatbots anytime, supporting patients whenever and wherever needed. This can be especially beneficial for patients with urgent questions or concerns outside regular business hours or those in different time zones. A healthcare chatbot is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to engage in patient conversations, simulate human-like interactions, and provide relevant information about healthcare services. To our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive review of healthbots that are commercially available on the Apple iOS store and Google Play stores.

The healthcare industry incorporates chatbots in its ecosystem to streamline communication between patients and healthcare professionals, prevent unnecessary expenses and offer a smooth, around-the-clock helping station. Healthcare chatbots enable you to turn all these ideas into a reality by acting as AI-enabled digital assistants. It revolutionizes the quality of patient experience by attending to your patient’s needs instantly. In both situations, the user should be encouraged to apply their own critical thinking skills to assess the information they have been provided.

Privacy threats may break the trust that is essential to the therapeutic physician–patient relationship and inhibit open communication of relevant clinical information for proper diagnosis and treatment [96]. AI and ML have advanced at an impressive rate and have revealed the potential of chatbots in health care and clinical settings. AI technology outperforms humans in terms of image recognition, risk stratification, improved processing, and 24/7 assistance with data and analysis.

Your next step is to train your chatbot to respond to stories in a dialogue platform using Rasa core. This data will train the chatbot in understanding variants of a user input since the file contains multiple examples of single-user intent. An effective UI aims to bring chatbot interactions to a natural conversation as close as possible. And this involves arranging design elements in simple patterns to make navigation easy and comfortable.

As researchers uncover new symptom patterns, these details need to be integrated into the ML training data to enable a bot to make an accurate assessment of a user’s symptoms at any given time. Information can be customized to the user’s needs, something that’s impossible to achieve when searching for COVID-19 data online via search engines. What’s more, the information generated by chatbots takes into account users’ locations, so they can access only information useful to them. As long as your chatbot will be collecting PHI and sharing it with a covered entity, such as healthcare providers, insurance companies, and HMOs, it must be HIPAA-compliant. Similarly, conversational style for a healthcare bot for people with mental health problems such as depression or anxiety must maintain sensitivity, respect, and appropriate vocabulary. A drug bot answering questions about drug dosages and interactions should structure its responses for doctors and patients differently.

Technology is radically changing the way that patient care is provided in the quickly changing field of healthcare. The use of chatbots in healthcare is one of these technological developments that has gained popularity. These sophisticated conversational tools, sometimes known as medical chatbots or health bots, help patients and healthcare providers communicate easily. We will examine the methodical approach to creating and deploying chatbots in the healthcare industry in this post.

Healthcare providers must ensure that chatbots are used in conjunction with, and not as a replacement for human healthcare professionals. Healthcare chatbots, acknowledging the varied linguistic environment, provide support for multiple languages. This inclusive approach enables patients from diverse linguistic backgrounds to access healthcare information and services without encountering language barriers. Implementing healthcare chatbots can be a cost-effective solution for healthcare providers. One author screened the literature search results and reviewed the full text of all potentially relevant studies. Studies were considered for inclusion if the intervention was chatbots or AI conversational agents used in health care settings.

I include a full spectrum of chemical, gene, and protein-based medicines, cell-based therapies, and biomechanical interventions that achieve that goal. This story is part of a series on the current progression in Regenerative Medicine. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. Add ChatBot to your website, LiveChat, and Facebook Messenger using our out-of-the-box integrations. For companies like QliqSOFT, which has focused its solutions on enhancing patient engagement and satisfaction, this comes as little surprise. The doctors can then use all this information to analyze the patient and make accurate reports.

Hence, it’s very likely to persist and prosper in the future of the healthcare industry. The world witnessed its first psychotherapist chatbot in 1966 when Joseph Weizenbaum created ELIZA, a natural language processing program. It used pattern matching and substitution methodology to give responses, but limited communication abilities led to its downfall. Healthcare chatbots significantly cut unnecessary spending by allowing patients to perform minor treatments or procedures without visiting the doctor.

There is no existing specific regulatory process to authorize the use of AI-based chatbots for use in Canadian health care. The use of in-house–developed AI tools or adaptations of free AI software may fall within a regulatory grey area. These principles acknowledge the growing role that AI will play in health care going forward.

The answers are sourced from medical references, such as MedlinePlus and DailyMed.
Chatbots in healthcare are computer programs designed to simulate conversation with human users, providing personalized assistance and support.
When another chatbot was developed based on the structured association technique counseling method, the user’s motivation was enhanced, and stress was reduced [83].
With psychiatry-oriented chatbots, people can interact with a virtual mental health ‘professional’ to get some relief.

The first chatbot was designed for individuals with psychological issues [9]; however, they continue to be used for emotional support and psychiatric counseling with their ability to express sympathy and empathy [81]. A study performed on Woebot, developed based on cognitive behavioral therapy, showed that depressive symptoms were significantly reduced, and participants were more receptive than in traditional therapies [41]. This agreed with the Shim results, also using the same type of therapy, which showed that the intervention was highly engaging, improved well-being, and reduced stress [82]. When another chatbot was developed based on the structured association technique counseling method, the user’s motivation was enhanced, and stress was reduced [83].

And that then can lead to more efficiency and productivity, resulting in improved care. Those responses can also help the bot direct patients to the right services based on the severity of their condition. The search initially yielded 2293 apps from both the Apple iOS and Google Play stores (see Fig. 1). We conducted iOS and Google Play application store searches in June and July 2020 using the 42Matters software. A team of two researchers (PP, JR) used the relevant search terms in the “Title” and “Description” categories of the apps.

We have integrations with commonly used healthcare apps and can help with integrating any other apps your business uses. Improve the support experience of new and existing patients while reducing call center load & wait times. Find critical answers and insights from your business data using AI-powered enterprise search technology.

By handling these actions, healthcare professionals can focus their energy where it’s needed most, on complex care tasks. In the fast-paced healthcare industry, healthcare organizations are fiercely competing to raise the bar and ensure they provide reliable and personalized medical assistance. Patients expect real-time support covering the full spectrum of health topics, from well-being and mental health to medical advice on health issues.

The HR department of an enterprise organization might ask a developer to find a chatbot that can give employees integrated access to all of their self-service benefits. Software engineers might want to integrate an AI chatbot directly into their complex product. Reduce costs and boost operational efficiency

Staffing a customer support center day and night is expensive.

healthcare chatbot

Once the chatbot is deployed, monitoring its performance and continuously making necessary updates and improvements is crucial to overall success. That means they get help wherever they are without having to call or meet with a human. ChatBot guarantees the highest standards of privacy and security to help you build and maintain patients’ trust. Create a rich conversational experience with an intuitive drag-and-drop interface. And while these tools’ rise in popularity can be accredited to the very nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, AI’s role in healthcare has been growing steadily on its own for years — and that’s anticipated to continue.

The integration of this application would improve patients’ quality of life and relieve the burden on health care providers through better disease management, reducing the cost of visits and allowing timely follow-ups. In terms of cancer therapy, remote monitoring can support patients by enabling higher dose chemotherapy drug delivery, reducing secondary hospitalizations, and providing health benefits after surgery [73-75]. Furthermore, social distancing and loss of loved ones have taken a toll on people’s mental health.

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